Impedance

Includes measurement, analysis, and optimisation of impedance across frequency, including input/output impedance, PDN impedance, and techniques such as shunt-through and injection methods.


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  • AI Data Centers Move Capacitors Back into the Spotlight

    AI data centers are power hungry, pushing power density to new highs while requiring long-term reliability. The increasing power density, particularly at the board…

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  • Picotest and Signal Edge Solutions address TAPI concerns.

    You may not have heard of TAPI, but you will. By necessity, testing extreme dynamic transient conditions is becoming more and more common for…

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  • Calibration, Embedding & De-Embedding – Achieving Highly Accurate Impedance Results

    OMICRON Lab hosted their 14th Power Analysis & Design Symposium – April 9th, 2025 Watch Steve Sandler discussing how to achieve Highly Accurate Impedance…

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  • Power Integrity Measurement Tips with the MXO5 and S10 – Capturing Large Signal Phenomena with a TPSM828303A PDN

    Large signal measurements are essential to Power Distribution Network (PDN) validation. By stressing the PDN, they reveal transient phenomena that are otherwise difficult to…

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  • How to Simulate Low Voltage, High Power 2000 Amps to a Dynamic Digital Load

    Hardware engineers are learning the hard way that power integrity (PI) requires electromagnetic (EM) simulation of the printed circuit board (PCB) power delivery network…

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  • PSRR Testing with the J2120A Line Injector

    Dealing with Line Injection Issues Here is information on the Power Supply Rejection Ratio (‘PSRR’) measurement setup using the J2120A line injector. Depending on…

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  • Setting up your PDN Impedance Measurement with Picotest Probes 

    Ensuring optimal performance in electronic systems requires precise measurement of Power Distribution Network (PDN) impedance. Accurate impedance measurements help identify potential issues such as…

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  • Building Accurate PI Models with VNA Software: A How 2 Power Guide

    Using VNA Software to Build Accurate Models for Power Integrity SimulationsIn power integrity (PI) simulations, accuracy and reliable component models are critical, yet vendor-supplied…

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  • The Importance of PDN Testing (Impedance) and the Role of the Bode Analyzer

    Components such as CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and ASICs demand clean and stable power supplies to function effectively, often across various operating conditions. This is…

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  • Measuring Battery Impedance

    Recently, Picotest has had several questions from customers working to measure battery impedance. There are numerous publications and articles about testing battery impedance, even…

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  • DgCon 2019: Power Integrity Webinars for Addressing Power Related Noise in Distributed Systems

    These presentations discuss many of the noise sources that impact sensitive circuits (such as LNAs, Clocks, and PLLs), how to measure them, and how…

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  • Cadence and Picotest Release NISM on Cadence PSpice

    September 26, 2024, Phoenix, AZ: Picotest.com, a leader in high-resolution test and measurement equipment, has announced the availability of the non-invasive stability measurement (‘NISM’)…

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  • Quantifying PDN Impedance Flatness from Sandler NISM

    Download Steve Sandler’s full paper for DesignCon 2023 A New Power Integrity Requirement to Supplement Target Impedance: Quantifying PDN Impedance Flatness Abstract: Target impedance…

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  • Validating the Validators: Measuring the New Ultra-Low Impedance PDNs

    Core power rails are now routinely in the 1 kAmp to 2 kAmp range, requiring a power distribution network (PDN) impedance in the range…

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  • Optimizing TDR Measurements: Picotest Solutions Integrated with Tektronix Oscilloscopes

    At Picotest, we take pride in supporting Tektronix’s advanced TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) setups with our high-performance J2154A PerfectPulse® Differential TDR and TDR probes.…

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  • Measuring Converter Input Impedance Using Picotest Tools

    To design a stable input filter for a switching converter, measuring input impedance is crucial. Picotest’s J2121A High Power Line Injector simplifies this by…

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  • Mastering 2-Port Impedance Testing with Picotest Products

    Accurate low and ultra-low impedance measurement is crucial for testing and modeling electronic components and for evaluating the performance of power distribution networks (PDNs).…

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  • Loop Analysis Directly from Time-Domain Waveform with SEPIA

    Published in Signal Integrity Journal, written by Masashi Nogawa. Engineers can use a variety of methods to analyze the behavior of a voltage regulator…

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  • Mastering 1-Port Impedance Testing with Picotest Products

    Accurate impedance measurement is fundamental to modeling electronic components and testing the stability and impedance of power systems. 1-port impedance testing is a widely…

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  • How To Measure 3-Port Impedance with Picotest Products

    The accurate measurement of impedance in electronic systems is crucial for ensuring stability, reliability, and performance. Among various techniques, 3-port impedance testing stands out…

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  • Ultra-Low Impedance Measurement: Testing and Optimizing with the J2114A

    Ultra-Low Impedance Measurement: Testing and Optimizing with the J2114A – High CMRR Isolation Amplifier – Ground Loop Breaker Testing ultra-low impedance is critical to…

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  • Achieving Better Energy Efficiency in AI Data Centers With Power Integrity Testing

    Introduction Deployment of AI-based technology is happening in the Data Center. The processor-intensive servers are driving up energy demands. The table below illustrates the…

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  • Ultra-low Impedance Testing Using the 2-Port Shunt-Through Measurement Technique

    Ultra-low Impedance Testing Using the 2-Port Shunt-Through Measurement Technique Measuring ultra-low impedances (20 micro-ohm) is a challenge for any power distribution network (PDN) design…

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  • “Probing” the Future of Power Integrity Test and Measurement

    The future of power integrity is being affected by power-hungry AI accelerators and other high-performance chips. Learn how Picotest is trying to tackle the…

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  • PDN Impedance Measurements Using Bode 500 and Picotest PDN Probes

    Download or watch the presentation from Florian Hämmerle of OMICRON Lab at this year’s 13th Power Analysis & Design Symposium. The power delivery network…

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  • How To Video – 2-Port Shunt Through Impedance Calibration with Bode 100 and P2102A

    This video provides a step-by-step tutorial on setting up and calibrating a 2-port shunt through impedance measurement using the Bode 100, Picotest P2102A 2-port…

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  • Picotest 2-port Probe Impedance Measurements

    Learn how Brian Hostetler from HPE, Inc explains the measurements made on a few different power rails on a printed circuit board (PCB) assembly.…

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  • ROHDE&SCHWARZ Power Integrity Demo

    In this demonstration led by Mike Schnecker, Business Development Manager at Rohde & Schwarz, the focus is on showcasing the intricate relationship between power…

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  • Picotest Is Exhibiting At DESIGNCON 2024

    At DesignCon 2024 we will be exhibiting the following products in our booth; Other companies exhibiting at the show will also have Picotest products…

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  • The Challenge of Measuring a 40 µohm, 2000 Amp PDN With a 2-Port Probe: How Much CMRR is Needed?

    Benjamin Dannan, Signal Edge Solutions and Steve Sandler, Picotest Published in Signal Integrity Journal A two-part series of posts, firstly determining how much CMRR is needed…

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  • VRM Modeling and Stability Analysis for the Power Integrity Engineer

    In the world of power electronics, the focus is on the power supply, and the load is modeled as a simple resistor. In the…

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  • Picotest Pocket TDR Fills Important Niche 

    A time domain reflectometer (TDR) is generally a large, expensive benchtop instrument that measures impedance, PCB coupons, dielectric constants, PCB signal traces, interconnects, connectors,…

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  • Picotest Releases Line of High-Speed Transient Load Steppers for VRM and PDN Validation 

    In a major technological leap, Picotest, maker of custom test equipment for power integrity and power systems testing, has released a series of very…

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  • Power Integrity: Ensuring Clean and Stable Power Supplies

    The stability and cleanliness, from a noise perspective, of power sources are vital for the reliable operation of modern electronics. Power Integrity (‘PI’),  is…

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  • Load Regulation, Vout/Iout, and Output Impedance

    Published October 6, 2023 Masashi Nogawa, Sr. Member of Technical Staff, Qorvo In this article, we’re taking a short break from talking about Power…

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  • If You Design Anything with a Power Supply, You Need a Vector Network Analyzer

    When it comes to designing electronic circuits and systems, ensuring stability, quality, and reliable operation is paramount. If your projects involve power supplies, voltage…

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  • Application Note – Port Saver – The Smart DC Block

    Most instruments don’t tolerate high voltages well. High bandwidth oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, and vector network analyzers can easily be damaged by less than 5V.…

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  • Noise Immunity Testing: Unveiling the Power and Benefits of P2124A High-Speed Water-Cooled GaN Probe

    In precision measurement and power integrity testing, engineers face the constant challenge of ensuring accurate and reliable results in high-speed modulation designs. At Picotest,…

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  • J2154A PerfectPulse® Revolutionizing Impedance Testing – Features and Unbeatable Benefits of the New Differential TDR

    Addressing the need for a low-cost single or differential TDR in a portable package, the J2154A PerfectPulse® Differential TDR emerges as a trailblazing solution,…

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  • Test Training Available from Picotest

    Did you know Picotest has published a variety of training aids for engineers looking to learn power supply and power integrity testing methods? This…

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